home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- July 1991
-
-
- THE FBI'S FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS PROGRAM
-
- By
-
- Jay V. Miller
- Program Manager
- National DNA Index at FBI Headquarters
- Washington, DC.
-
-
- DNA testing is one of the most significant breakthroughs in
- forensic science. Applying DNA technology to the identification
- of individual biological specimens gives crime laboratories and
- law enforcement a new tool for resolving violent crimes and sex
- offenses.
-
- The FBI's DNA program covers four basic areas--DNA
- casework, technical assistance, the National DNA Index, and DNA
- research. This article updates the FBI's progress in these areas
- and highlights the need for uniform testing methods as DNA
- technology becomes more widespread.
-
- DNA CASEWORK
-
- The FBI Laboratory, which began conducting forensic casework
- in 1988, is now the principal provider of forensic DNA testing
- services in the Nation. The Lab receives DNA cases from law
- enforcement agencies throughout the country, conducting more
- forensic DNA examinations than all other public and private
- forensic laboratories combined.
-
- The demand for forensic DNA typing continues to grow as the
- technique gains judicial acceptance. Since 1988, DNA examiners
- from the FBI Laboratory have testified in over 120 trials and
- admissibility hearings throughout the United States. (1) Of the
- approximately 2,000 DNA cases submitted annually to the FBI
- Laboratory's DNA Unit, about two-thirds are for rape
- investigations and the remaining one-third involve murder or
- other violent crimes. Most cases submitted to the Laboratory
- for DNA typing (or profiling) cannot be conclusively resolved
- using traditional forensic tests for blood or semen. However,
- the results of DNA typing can be used to associate biological
- evidence found at crime scenes with specific individuals, or to
- exclude suspects.
-
- About 75 percent of the DNA cases examined by the FBI
- Laboratory yield sufficient interpretable information to
- determine conclusively whether the evidence can be associated
- with the subject in question or whether the subject can be
- excluded from consideration. Significantly, about one-third of
- the examinations performed by the FBI's DNA Unit have excluded
- the suspect identified by the submitting law enforcement agency
- as the source of the biological evidence collected from the
- crime scene.
-
- TRAINING, STANDARDS, AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
-
- The FBI Laboratory conducts DNA training and research at
- the Forensic Science Research and Training Center (FSRTC)
- located at the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia. The FSRTC is
- the focus of the FBI's efforts to provide a full range of
- technical assistance to State and local crime labs working to
- implement DNA testing.
-
- The FSRTC provides classroom and laboratory training in DNA
- analysis methods, works to develop national standards and
- guidelines for DNA testing, conducts technical seminars, and
- sponsors the Visiting Scientist Program. The FBI Laboratory has
- been working aggressively to educate State and local crime lab
- personnel on DNA analysis techniques and to promote a
- standardized approach for DNA testing.
-
- Training
-
- Since 1989, the FSRTC has conducted 10, 4-week DNA courses
- to train over 270 forensic scientists from State and local
- laboratories. In addition, the FSRTC has trained 29 forensic
- technicians from 12 foreign countries.
-
- Following each DNA course, a few graduates remain for an
- additional 3 months as "visiting scientists" at the FSRTC.
- Visiting scientists work with the FBI's researchers to refine
- existing DNA analysis methods and to assist in the research and
- validation of new techniques. A total of 29 forensic scientists
- from 26 law enforcement agencies have participated in this
- program.
-
- In addition, a 1-week course on how to present expert
- testimony in court for DNA cases is currently being developed
- for State and local DNA examiners. And, the FSRTC frequently
- hosts conferences on technical and legal issues concerning DNA.
-
- Standards
-
- As a Federal agency, the FBI is in a unique position to
- provide leadership in developing national standards for forensic
- DNA testing. Still, the cooperation and assistance of law
- enforcement officials at State and local levels is necessary to
- create a national system.
-
- Toward that end, the FBI Laboratory sponsors the Technical
- Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM), which provides a
- forum for crime laboratories to discuss and exchange technical
- information on DNA testing. The TWGDAM committee was
- established as a cooperative effort to formulate standards and
- guidelines for forensic DNA laboratories.
-
- TWGDAM is comprised of scientists from industry, forensic
- laboratories, and the academic community, who meet several times
- each year. In its effort to build consensus and to define
- guidelines for DNA laboratories, quality assurance guidelines
- for forensic DNA testing and guidelines for DNA proficiency
- testing were subsequently published by TWGDAM. Adherence to
- these guidelines is often considered by courts to be a major
- factor in determining the admissibility of DNA test results as
- forensic evidence. And, in April 1991, TWGDAM revised and
- expanded these guidelines, in anticipation of the next
- generation of DNA technology.
-
- Currently, 13 State and local crime labs are performing
- forensic DNA analysis according to FBI protocol. Most of these
- laboratories are members of the TWGDAM committee. An additional
- 8 to 10 laboratories will begin performing DNA casework based on
- the FBI protocol by the end of 1991.
-
- Technical Assistance
-
- A survey conducted by the FBI Laboratory in 1990 measured
- the plans and attitudes of State and local crime laboratory
- directors regarding DNA testing. The survey found overwhelming
- support for the FBI's efforts in conducting research on DNA
- analysis methods, training State and local DNA examiners, and
- maintaining centralized files for a national DNA data base. In
- addition, the survey revealed support for the FBI Laboratory's
- efforts to develop and provide DNA-related software and
- automation tools to help State and local crime laboratories
- establish their own DNA testing capabilities.
-
- The FBI Laboratory works closely with the law enforcement
- community to advise on policy issues affecting forensic DNA
- testing. The National Association of Attorneys General, the
- National District Attorneys Association, and the American
- Society of Crime Laboratory Directors (ASCLD) have issued
- resolutions supporting the concept and the need for national DNA
- testing standards. In addition, ASCLD's Laboratory
- Accreditation Board adopted a resolution calling for the
- establishment of a Proficiency Testing Program for accredited
- laboratories.
-
- The FBI also advises State legislatures considering
- legislation regarding DNA testing programs, admissibility of DNA
- evidence, and the establishment of State DNA data bases. And,
- the Laboratory frequently provides speakers to address
- conferences and seminars on forensic DNA testing.
-
- NATIONAL DNA INDEX
-
- The FBI is establishing a National DNA Index to enable
- crime laboratories to exchange DNA profiles for unknown subjects
- and convicted sex offenders. The index will assist agencies in
- developing investigative leads, since subjects can be searched
- against the file of convicted offenders. The index will also
- serve as a clearinghouse for DNA profiles, directing the
- querying crime laboratory to the source laboratory when there is
- a "hit" in the index.
-
- The FBI is developing computer software to automate the
- functions of forensic DNA laboratories and to link State and
- local laboratories to the national system. (2) The software
- will be provided free to crime laboratories participating in the
- National DNA Index.
-
- The system is being designed to ensure privacy and
- security. Rather than store criminal history information, the
- index will store only DNA profiles. When a match is made, the
- two crime laboratories involved (the one conducting the query
- and the one that originally submitted the matching profile) can
- then exchange detailed technical information to verify the match
- and to coordinate information flow between the respective
- investigating agencies. However, in order to guarantee an
- effective system and to ensure that results are comparable, all
- crime laboratories must use substantially the same methods for
- DNA testing.
-
- The FBI is working with 10 pilot DNA laboratories (in the 7
- cooperating States) to gauge the feasibility and operational
- requirements of the National DNA Index system. Testing the
- basic means for exchanging DNA profiles among laboratories will
- soon be complete, and a full test of the National DNA Index in
- the pilot laboratories should occur in 1992.
-
- The FBI will safeguard DNA profiles stored in the national
- system in three major ways.
-
- 1) The system will be designed and tested to protect against
- unauthorized access. Only crime laboratories that are part
- of duly constituted law enforcement agencies will have
- authorized access to the national system.
-
- 2) Personal identifying information stored in the national
- data base will be minimized, thus affording greater
- protection against unauthorized access that could yield the
- DNA profile for a particular individual. Only the
- numerical form of the DNA profile will be stored in the
- national index.
-
- 3) The FBI Laboratory is working with the National Crime
- Information Center (NCIC) to incorporate proven security
- concepts and procedures from the NCIC system into the
- design and implementation of National DNA Index.
-
- DNA RESEARCH
-
- The FSRTC continually works to develop new forensic DNA
- technology. The Laboratory recently began research to develop
- the next generation of forensic DNA analysis methods. This new
- generation will be based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
- a technique that multiplies the quantity of DNA material
- obtained from crime scenes to a level sufficient for forensic
- analysis. DNA tests based on PCR will allow analysis of much
- smaller specimens than is currently possible and will also
- provide crime laboratories with a more rapid way of identifying
- biological evidence from violent crimes.
-
- CONCLUSION
-
- DNA profiling may be the most significant breakthrough in
- forensic science since the development of fingerprinting. The
- FBI is working closely with State and local crime laboratories
- to enhance DNA profiling techniques and to establish a National
- DNA Index. To ensure an effective and secure system, the FBI
- Laboratory is fostering a uniform approach to DNA testing and
- profiling. This will eventually allow crime laboratories to
- exchange DNA profiles for known sex offenders and other violent
- criminals, providing a valuable new weapon for both
- investigators and prosecutors.
-
-
- FOOTNOTES
-
- (1) As with all types of forensic examinations provided by
- the FBI Laboratory, DNA analysis is free to any duly constituted
- law enforcement agency. In addition, the requesting agencies do
- not incur any travel expenses for DNA examiners who must testify
- in court.
-
- (2) Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois,
- Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Nevada, South Dakota, Virginia, and
- Washington have passed laws requiring the establishment of DNA
- data bases for convicted sex offenders or violent criminals.